We explain why researchers in the fields of education and language support the important role of language varieties such as pidgin in the learning process section 6. This work is mainly looking at the origin of both pidgin and creole. The term pidgin is used to refer to a language which develops in a situation where speakers of different languages have a need to communicate but do not share a common language. A basic description and analytic treatment of noun clauses 2. Meanings and functions of for in west african englishlexifier pidgincreoles. In spite of having distinctive grammar and vocabulary, pidgin is never spoken as a first or native language.
The function of student pidgin in ghana volume 29 issue 4 laura rupp skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. English especially the variety known as nigerian pidgin english functions as a lingua franca in this multilingual country. When children are born within a pidgin speaker community and have this language as a mother. The third category of languages in nigeria is the nigerian pidgin. The use of nigerian pidgin english can also function, in some contexts, as an act of identity when speakers need to stress their nigerianness, as opposed to their ethnic group identity. The emergence of student pidgin in ghana is estimated to have started fairly recently. The stylistic function of pidgin english in african literature.
In some cases, pidgin is even denigrated, and its speak. The function of pidgin english is thus as a lingua franca, i. Creole languages most often emerged in colonies located near the coasts of the atlantic ocean or the indian ocean. This introduction to the linguistic study of pidgin and creole languages is clearly designed as an introductory course book. On the other hand, as the pidgins communicative functions increased such as. One very frequent scenario in the later development of a pidgin is where it is used as a means of communication not just among black and white speakers but among native speakers themselves who however have very different native languages. Effects of nigerian pidgin english on students of tertiary. Nigerian pidgin hereafter np has assumed elaborated roles and functions, gaining new grounds in different sociolinguistic domains as a result of its sustained social expansion process.
Pidgin runs on windows, linux, and other unixlike operating systems. The function of student pidgin in ghana semantic scholar. In linguistics, a pidgin pronounced pidgin is a simplified form of speech formed out of one or more existing languages and used as a lingua franca by people who have no other language in common. One of the consequences of this increased dynamism of np is the development of lexical items into grammatical markers which is an expected natural process.
Some varieties of cameroon pidgin and some varieties of tok pisin. A comparative study on the importance of pidgin english in broadcasting includes abstract and chapter one, complete project material available a comparative study on the importance of pidgin english in broadcasting table of content chapter one 1. It is indicated that the pragmatics of english in african literature provides one ofthe best theoretical challenges to the kind oflinguistic enterprise envisaged in transformational gramman it is further pointed out. Pse is actually influenced by a visualmanual language, american sign. Male students in high prestige senior secondary schools and universities have been credited with leading in the development of student pidgin. The main rcsearch effort in pidgin and crcolestudies has been to 6nd a principled cxplana. The investigation can be controversial, as historical records may be missing and major issues of cultural and ethnic identity are involved. Let us say that a society is any group of people who are. Several appendices are included as well as a bibliography and an. For many years tok pisin was spoken almost exclusively as a second language and used for a limited range of functions in this intensely multilingual area. The formation of pidgin languages this essay will attempt to shed light on formation and development of pidgin languages. In other words, nigerian pidgin english can express a belonging to nigeria, which. Some possible distinctions between pidgins and creoles are presented below. Pdf today, most people from hawaii speak pidgin, hawaii english, or both.
What is the role of the languages involved in the particular contact situa. A morphological analysis of nigerian pidgin functions of nigerian pidgin. English pidgins are one of the linguistic results of western european expansion since the late fifteenth century. Therefore, it can be claimed that a pidgin arises when people from different languages simplify the dominant language to communicate. Several theories exist concerning the origin and evolution of pidgins, some of which are almost diametrically opposed to each other.
Jare, jor, and biko function as mitigation and emphasis markers, shebi and shey serve as agreementseeking markers while fa is an emphasis pragmatic marker. Pidgin language is a simplified form of speech formed out of one or more existing languages and used by people who have no other language in. Even more surprising, however, is that in many schools, pidgin is frowned upon and the language is kept out of the classroom. Pidgin, broken english and othering in ghanaian literature. The study shows that while the wape varieties share. The examination of examples of substrate influence in melanesian pidgin and hawaii creole leads the author to the conclusion that the use of lexical items from the lexifier, with the grammatical function of morphemes from the substrate languages, is the most important factor in morphological expansion. It was spawned about thirty years ago and has developed into an extended pidgin, which will be referred to as student pidgin sp. A creole is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. Pidgin, originally, a language that typically developed out of sporadic and limited contacts between europeans and noneuropeans in locations other than europe from the 16th through the early 19th century and often in association with activities such as trade, plantation agriculture, and mining.
English pidgins include nigerian pidgin english, chinese pidgin english, hawaiian. A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a fairly brief period of time. Also known as a pidgin language or an auxiliary language. Pidgin article about pidgin by the free dictionary. Following the development of the pidgin, nigerian english became a nativized language that functions uniquely within its own cultural context. Linguistics pidgins and creoles genevieve escure encyclopedia of life support systems eolss du negerhollands mi ka le kon 1sg ant imp v i was goingcoming. The reasons for pidgins to occur are generally for trade matters when different cultures do not share a common language and when they. The book is divided into chapters covering an introduction, phonology, morphology, function classes, phrase analy sis, sentence analysis, a glossary, and pidgin english texts. In the past few decades, the number of speakers of creolized first language tok pisin has been rising steadily.
Accordingly, the grammars of pidgins are characteristically less complex than the grammars of their source languages. These developments depend on the communicative needs of the pidgins speakers. Most pidgins were created from french, spanish, portuguese, english, and dutch because of their power on colonies. Chinese pidgin english originated as a lingua franca for trade between the british and mostly cantonesespeaking chinese people. These examples demonstrate that pidgin has at least four different negative markers, each occurring before an auxiliary, modal, or verb, and each having its own function and rules for. It originated as a chinese mispronunciation of the english word business.
Pdf meanings and functions of for in west african english. This contempt often stemmed in part from the feeling that pidgins and creoles were cor. This means that you can be chatting with friends on xmpp and sitting in an irc channel at the same time. Pidgin in nigeria as earlier said is gradually becoming the countrys lingua franca, though it is yet to be assigned any official role. Creole languages, vernacular languages that developed in colonial european plantation settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries as a result of contact between groups that spoke mutually unintelligible languages. It is commonly related to situations of trade andor colonization. It examines the circumstances under which this reduced variety of saudi arabic emerged as a. Another reason for a pidgin to arise is colonization. Following the first and second war from1839 to 1842, pidgin english spread north to shanghai and other treaty ports. An overview of the pidgin english in cameroon international journal of humanities social sciences and education ijhsse page 156 experience has shown that most parents in cameroon seem to be generally hostile towards the introduction of early childhood education in the indigenous languages. A pidgin can also develop into a creole when it expands its vocabulary and when its grammar increases. A very common pidginized variety of language is the nigerian pidgin english which is referred to as bad english because the people learn this variety without paying attention to accuracy. Pidgin is a chat program which lets you log into accounts on multiple chat networks simultaneously. Status, functions, and prospects of pidgin english an empirical approach to language dynamics in cameroon anne schroder tubingen.
The latter is characterised by the extension of the social functions of a pidgin. Pidgin, creole, lingua franca, relexification, language variety. English might be the official language, but in a country with well over 250 other local languages, pidgin was developed to aid communication among people from different parts of the country, as well as between locals and europeans. Cameroon pidgin english including a teaoh ing manual and a glossary. Such regularities have provided the impetus for research on the history and structure of pc. The history and evolution of nigerian pidgin here, i look at nigerian pidgin and its speakers and attempt to answer the question of whether the language is a pidgin or creole.
Pidgins and creoles encyclopedia of life support systems. Nigerian pidgin english language contact manchester. An introduction to sociolinguistics aita01 1 5905, 4. The use of pidgin english in the nigerian context has gone beyond verbal communication to become more of a mode of behaviour as its expression has moved from informal conversation to formal situations. Schneider is an american baptist missionary who spent some thirteen years 194761 as missionary to the mambila people. Creole languages most often emerged in colonies located near the coasts of the. There have been several ideas and views about its origin whether it is indigenous or exogenous. Once a pidgin has come into existence it may develop further with respect to its grammatical structure and range of communicative functions. Since the establishment of pidgin and creole studies as an academic discipline in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it has become clear that the linguistic forces that shape pidgins and creoles are exceptional only in that they are indeed very rapid and pronounced. A high proportion of content words, only a few function words and less rigidly established word classes are features of baby talk as well as of pidgin languages. Nigerian english became a nativized language that functions uniquely within its own cultural context. Like a pidgin, a creole is a distinct language which has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but has its own unique grammatical rules. It functions as a language of wider communication in public institutions, public service and welfare centres, post offices, police stations, army barracks and magistrate centres. A pidgin is an emergency language, created to facilitate communication between groups of different languages and cultures when they get in contact and establish some relationship.
Unesco eolss sample chapters linguistics pidgins and creoles genevieve escure encyclopedia of life support systems eolss to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity and the creativity and organization of the human brain. Like south african english, its nativization and development as a new world english corresponds roughly with the period of colonization and postcolonization by britain. The study of the processes whereby a pidgin becomes a creole and of the relationship between creoles and a countrys standard language is carried on within sociolinguistics. Oct 14, 2019 english is the official language of nigeria, a former british protectorate. However, from then 1672 until 1788 the slave trade was a cornerstone of english economic life. The function of student pidgin in ghana english today. Tok pisin is an englishlexified pidgincreole spoken in papua new guinea which has developed over the past 150 years or so. It is obvious that there always has to be a superior and dominant language which most of the vocabulary of a pidgin is borrowed from versteegh, 2008. The spectrum of english in nigeria ranges from standard english through a more general english whose structures are.
Definition and examples of pidgins in language studies. Effects of nigerian pidgin english on students of tertiary institution chapter 1 background to the study. Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is not restricted in use, and is like any other language in its full range of functions. A basic description and analytic treatment of noun clauses in. This question is important since many people do not appreciate pidgin, and yet, they use this language to advertise their businesses, to advocate for politicians, and to show their. Is a process where a pidgin expanded in structure and vocabulary in order to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language. The function of student pidgin in ghana request pdf. Apart from the questions of the presence and nature of morphology in pidgins and creoles to be discussed in sections 2 and 3, the other major issue in pidgin and creole morphology is the question how morphology arises and develops in pidginization and creolization. In the third section we will discuss several study branches in this area, bringing different hypotheses for the pidginscreoles formation. Request pdf on dec 1, 20, laura rupp and others published the function of student pidgin in ghana find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. I also explore the genesis and development of nigerian pidgin.
What earlier generations thought of pidgin and creole languages is all too. This sociolinguistic study attempts to describe and analyze arabic pidgin spoken by saudi arabic speakers sas and indian workers iws in saudi arabia. The language of the educated male elite kari dako introduction this essay is about a language that apparently does not exist. Linguistic features of pidgin arabic in kuwait eric. It does not demand a high level of previous linguistic knowledge. Gunter narr 2003 this sociolinguistic study on the cameroonian variety of west african pidgin english seeks to explain the.
English is the official language of nigeria, a former british protectorate. Bloomfield opposed the idea, that the masters, so to say the speaker of the from his point of view dominant language adjusted, respectively, modified his speech to the. This above scenario necessitated this study which investigates the effects of pidgin english on standard. In linguistics, a pidgin pronounced pidg in is a simplified form of speech formed out of one or more existing languages and used as a lingua franca by people who have no other language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the.
He has published several previous works on cameroon pidgin english including a teaoh ing manual and a glossary. The process of pidginisation is very common in any situation in which a lingua franca is called for. Theories of genesis constitute the core for presentation and discussion in the classroom, while part iii. The concept of creolization the development from a pidgin into a creole can occur at any time in a pidgins lifespan. Pidgin is an englishbased creole language and nigerias real lingua franca. Here, pidgins may reveal a developmental continuum. Tok pisin this language is described more fully in survey chapter 22. Omodiagbe 1992, comments that pidgin is an offshoot of the pure english of the early missionaries and colonial administrators. Compared to their source languages, pidgins show a characteristic simplification of linguistic structure that concerns all aspects of grammar.
Pdf what do creoles and pidgins tell us about the evolution of. The paper begins with a discussion of features that any theory aiming at explaining the origin of pidgin and creole languages must be able to account for section. This paper provides an overview of the vocabulary of ghanaian student pidgin gsp, an englishlexified pidgin spoken by students in high schools and universities in ghana. Sketches of individual languages such as eskimo pidgin.
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